Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Stage 5 of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are one of the leading causes of mortality affecting about 10% of the worldwide population. 38% of patients with CKD are people aged 65 years or older.1
CKD patients have a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60mL/min/1.73m2. Another indicator is the levels of albumin; albuminuria of at least 30 mg per 24 hours urine or more than 30mg/g of albumin in an isolated urine sampled adjusted by urinary creatine. CKD is one of the biggest attributer to cases diabetes and/or hypertension.2
Image 1: Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease according to glomerular filtration and albumin levels.
CKD Assessment:
- Measurement of creatine and GFR.
- albuminuria calculation by measuring the ratio of albumin/creatine in the urine of an isolated sample.
- Imaging exam.3
CKD patient are test strip tested at least once a year while anemic CKD patients are tested at least twice a year. 4
Type I Diabetes (T1D)
Type I diabetes is characterized but the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the pancreatic islets over time.5 Currently, 0.55% of U.S adults had diagnosed type 1 diabetes, representing 1.3 million adults.6
The development of T1D has three stages. Stage 1 is asymptomatic with a presence of more than 2 pancreatic antibodies. Stage 2 consists of impaired fasting glucose between 1oo to 125mg/dL or 5.7% to 6.4% of blood sugar attached to the hemoglobin. Finally, stage 3 is also known as hyperglycemia where the random glucose is greater than 200 mg/dL, fasting glucose is greater than 126 mg/dL, and the blood sugar in hemoglobin is greater than 6.5%.7
T1D Assessment:
- Hemoglobin A1c testing (HbA1c) to measure the amounts of sugar blood in hemoglobin every 3 to 6 months.
- Yearly lipid profile.
- Urine albumin to creatine ratio.
- eGFR and serum creatinine.7